Project Management

 

SCOPE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT

 DOMAIN IN INDIA

·      Project Management

 

Project management involves the planning and organization of a company's resources to move a specific task, event, or duty towards completion. It can involve a one-time project or an ongoing activity, and resources managed include personnel, finances, technology, and intellectual property.

 

Project management is often associated with fields in engineering and construction and, more lately, healthcare and information technology (IT), which typically have a complex set of components that have to be completed and assembled in a set fashion to create a functioning product.

 

No matter what the industry is, the project manager tends to have roughly the same job: to help define the goals and objectives of the project and determine when the various project components are to be completed and by whom. They also create quality control checks to ensure completed components meet a certain standard.

 

·      Project Management Domain in India

 

1.     Software management Project

2.     Construction Management Project

3.     Industrial management Project

1.    SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT PROJECT

·       Software Processes

A software process is the set of activities and associated outcome that produce a software product. Software engineers mostly carry out these activities. These are four key process activities, which are common to all software processes. These activities are:

1. Software specifications: The functionality of the software and constraints on its operation must be defined.
2. Software development: The software to meet the requirement must be produced.
3. Software validation: The software must be validated to ensure that it does what the customer wants.
4. Software evolution: The software must evolve to meet changing client needs.

 

·       Software Process Models:-

1.     A workflow model: This shows the series of activities in the process along with their inputs, outputs and dependencies. The activities in this model perform human actions.

2.     A dataflow or activity model: This represents the process as a set of activities, each of which carries out some data transformations. It shows how the input to the process, such as a specification is converted to an output such as a design. The activities here may be at a lower level than activities in a workflow model. They may perform transformations carried out by people or by computers.

3.     A role/action model: This means the roles of the people involved in the software process and the activities for which they are responsible.

 

·       Software Development Life cycle(SDLC):-

A software life cycle model (also termed process model) is a pictorial and diagrammatic representation of the software life cycle. A life cycle model represents all the methods required to make a software product transit through its life cycle stages. It also captures the structure in which these methods are to be undertaken.

In other words, a life cycle model maps the various activities performed on a software product from its inception to retirement. Different life cycle models may plan the necessary development activities to phases in different ways.

·       Need of SDLC

The development team must determine a suitable life cycle model for a particular plan and then observe to it.

Without using an exact life cycle model, the development of a software product would not be in a systematic and disciplined manner. When a team is developing a software product, there must be a clear understanding among team representative about when and what to do. Otherwise, it would point to chaos and project failure.

This problem can be defined by using an example. Suppose a software development issue is divided into various parts and the parts are assigned to the team members. From then on, suppose the team representative is allowed the freedom to develop the roles assigned to them in whatever way they like.

It is possible that one representative might start writing the code for his part, another might choose to prepare the test documents first, and some other engineer might begin with the design phase of the roles assigned to him. This would be one of the perfect methods for project failure.

·       SDLC models :-

 

1.     Waterfall model :- This model has five phases: Requirements analysis and specification, design, implementation, and unit testing, integration and system testing, and operation and maintenance.

1)     Requirements analysis and specification phase: The aim of this phase is to understand the exact requirements of the customer and to document them properly. Both the customer and the software developer work together so as to document all the functions, performance, and interfacing requirement of the software.

2)     Design Phase: This phase aims to transform the requirements gathered in the SRS into a suitable form which permits further coding in a programming language. It defines the overall software architecture together with high level and detailed design. All this work is documented as a Software Design Document (SDD).

3)     Implementation and unit testing: During this phase, design is implemented. If the SDD is complete, the implementation or coding phase proceeds smoothly, because all the information needed by software developers is contained in the SDD.

4)     Integration and System Testing: This phase is highly crucial as the quality of the end product is determined by the effectiveness of the testing carried out. The better output will lead to satisfied customers, lower maintenance costs, and accurate results. Unit testing determines the efficiency of individual modules. However, in this phase, the modules are tested for their interactions with each other and with the system.

5)     Operation and maintenance phase: Maintenance is the task performed by every user once the software has been delivered to the customer, installed, and operational.

 

 

·       Some Circumstances where the use of the Waterfall model is most suited are:

o   When the requirements are constant and not changed regularly.

o   A project is short

o   The situation is calm

o   Where the tools and technology used is consistent and is not changing

o   When resources are well prepared and are available to use.

 

 

·       Agile model :-

Agile process model refers to a software development approach based on iterative development. Agile methods break tasks into smaller iterations, or parts do not directly involve long term planning.

Fig. Agile Model

 

 

·       Phases of Agile Model:

Following are the phases in the Agile model are as follows:

1.     Requirements gathering

2.     Design the requirements

3.     Construction/ iteration

4.     Testing/ Quality assurance

5.     Deployment

6.     Feedback

 

·       Project Management Tools

 

1.     Gantt Chart :-

o   Gantt chart usually utilized in project management, and it is one of the most popular and helpful ways of showing activities displayed against time. Each activity represented by a bar.

o   Gantt chart is a useful tool when you want to see the entire landscape of either one or multiple projects. It helps you to view which tasks are dependent on one another and which event is coming up.

 

2.     Logic network : Work Breakdown Structure

 

Fig. Work Breakdown structure

 

 

·       Software Project Planning :-

 

o   Software development is a sort of all new streams in world business, and there's next to no involvement in structure programming items.

o   Most programming items are customized to accommodate customer's necessities. The most significant is that the underlying technology changes and advances so generally and rapidly that experience of one element may not be connected to the other one

 

·       Risk Management :

Potential issues might harm cost, schedule or technical success of the project and the quality of our software device, or project team morale.

Risk Management is the system of identifying addressing and eliminating these problems before they can damage the project.

 

 

Table 1. Risk Identification

 

Project Risk	Technical Risk	Business Risk
Budget	Design problem	Commitments
Schedule	Interfacing	Employee management
Resources	Implementation
Customer problems	Testing Maintenance

 

 

·       Principle of Risk Management

1.     Global Perspective: In this, we review the bigger system description, design, and implementation. We look at the chance and the impact the risk is going to have.

2.     Take a forward-looking view: Consider the threat which may appear in the future and create future plans for directing the next events.

3.     Open Communication: This is to allow the free flow of communications between the client and the team members so that they have certainty about the risks.

4.     Integrated management: In this method risk management is made an integral part of project management.

5.      Continuous process: In this phase, the risks are tracked continuously throughout the risk management paradigm

 

2.CONTRUCTION MANAGEMENT PROJECT

Construction project management involves directing and organizing each part of the project life cycle, from ideation to completion. It’s a holistic practice with the goal of delivering projects on time and under budget. Construction project management is a complex discipline that requires addressing many important concerns, including cost control, scheduling, procurement, and risk assessment. Project managers interact with all team members involved in a construction project, from architects to owners to contractors.

FUNCTIONS OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

·       Specifying project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance requirements, and selecting project participants.

·       Maximizing the resource efficiency through procurement of labor, materials and equipment

·       Implementing various operations through proper coordination and control of planning, design, estimating, contracting and construction in the entire process.

·       Developing effective communications and mechanisms for resolving conflicts

5 STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS.

1. Planning and Development Determining

whether to pursue a project is the first and most important part of the construction process. Halting projects after they’ve begun is costly, and the further they progress, the greater the potential losses become. Feasibility studies, capital budgeting pro-con lists, and extensive input from stakeholders are staples of this stage. You can use these practices, and others, to answer key questions about the project: Will it yield a positive ROI? Are the associated risks manageable? Does it fit into your company’s portfolio? To answer these and other relevant questions, use a combination of insights from robust data analysis and feedback from the key stakeholders on your team. Analytics provides decision-makers with an objective perspective on the proposed project, while wide ranging input from team members can help identify potential issues that might otherwise pass unnoticed.

2. Design

Once you’ve decided on a project, it’s time for the creative juices to start flowing. The design phase involves developing everything from the basic concept of the project to detailed blueprints that show the final design. Your design will evolve from initial sketches ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ to finished drawings and specifications, but each iteration should meet the project’s requirements while keeping the timeline in mind and costs under control. Once the design is finalized and approved, it’s time to move on to the preconstruction phase.

3. Preconstruction

Preconstruction involves creating a roadmap that will guide you through the construction process. It’s about building a game plan for the project that shows everyone what they need to do, when they need to do it, how they should accomplish it, and what it should cost. If all parties stick to the plan and execute their roles to perfection, they’ll deliver the project on time, to standard, and within budget. Preconstruction involves a wide variety of critical tasks. Here are a few of the most important: Define and allocate resources. Set up mini-budgets. Create timelines and deadlines. Distribute tasks. Map out work and operations through work breakdown structures (WBS), organization breakdown structures (OBS), and other tools. Risk assessment and contingency planning are also a major part of preconstruction. Things rarely go just as planned during a construction project — often due to factors outside your control — so project managers and stakeholders must prepare for things going awry. The more proactive you are, the less time, money, and resources you’ll lose trying to get back on track if and when hiccups occur.

4. Procurement

Procurement encompasses sourcing, purchasing, and transporting the materials and services you need to complete a project. Procurement and supply chain managers should provide input in the planning stages to keep unexpected cost overruns to a minimum during this stage. Even so, some volatility is inevitable, as prices are subject to shifts in the market. You should account for this risk to the extent possible through robust preconstruction planning. There are benefits and drawbacks to sourcing materials from local, regional, or global markets. Local procurement may take less time, but it may come at a greater cost, while less expensive materials shipped over long distances may be more subject to delays and supply chain interruptions. Engage in thorough research so you can choose the right options to meet budgetary requirements and stay on schedule. Choosing when to perform procurement is another major decision. Rather than completing procurement before the construction project begins, you can obtain the resources you need as the project progresses to meet evolving requirements. While this strategy provides additional flexibility, reduces holding costs, and preserves liquidity, it risks delayed shipments or shortages that may slow the entire project. It also exposes you to potential price increases. Whatever approach you choose, try to align purchase orders with your construction plan and have contingencies in place to preserve your budget and schedule as circumstances change.

5. Construction

Now construction can commence. All your preparation and planning pays off in this stage, helping the construction process move along smoothly and finish successfully. Even the most thorough plans can’t anticipate every hiccup along the way, of course, so regular monitoring and evaluation of progress during this phase is vital for staying on course.

 

FINANCES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT

·       Analysis of the project:

The first action that has to be taken is the clarification of the different objectives and limitations for the upcoming project. Once you do that, you can have a better idea of what you want to achieve and who exactly do you need in order to do it.

·       Estimation of the budget:

After having put all the priorities of your project in order, it’s time to organize your budget in conjunction with a solid timeline. Now it’s also a good time to ask for bids from interested contractors.

·       Monitoring of the cost:

As soon as the construction project put in work, it’s very essential to start keeping an eye on project costs. The sooner you start doing this the better since it will allow you to detect any potential misuses of resources before it’s too late.

 

·       Accounting:

Having a highly competent accounting department is vital. In collaboration with the project team, they will be responsible for keeping all the financial agreements running according to plan.

 

4 CORE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROCESSES

1. Ideation and Research

Ideation is part of front-end loading (FEL), the planning and design portion of the project life cycle. It’s when every detail of a project is scrutinized by stakeholders to see if it aligns with your company’s current and future portfolio of projects. The proposed project must make sense in terms of ROI, applicable regulations, integration with existing projects, risk, and other factors. During this process, ideas are refined into project proposals through rigorous research and data-driven analysis. Capital budgeting, feasibility studies, brainstorming, and financial breakdowns are just some of the practices involved at this phase. While considering the project, actively solicit input from as many team members as possible to ensure that it comprehensively aligns with your organization’s portfolio.

2. Define and Plan the Project

Once you’ve settled on a project, it’s time to flesh out the details to prevent scope creep and keep your team aligned once the project begins. Important details that should be addressed at this stage include the project’s scope, a feasible timeline, required resources, a reasonable and accurate budget, and key performance indicators(KPIs). Inviting feedback from as many relevant team members as possible during this phase should again be a priority, together with determining what personnel the project will require.

3. Determine Roles

With the many parties involved in any construction project, you need to clearly define the role of each. This clarifies everyone’s responsibilities, enables you to hold team members accountable, and prevents confusion and delays. When all team members know their role in the project and how to accomplish their tasks, redundancies disappear and tasks don’t slip through the cracks.

4. Finalize and Execute

Construction Plans Before actual construction kicks off, project managers should meet with the appropriate stakeholders to review the plan and ensure everyone is on the same page. While there’s a good chance you’ll have to deal with unexpected difficulties and changes as the project progresses, failing to obtain explicit buy-in before construction begins all but guarantees that you’ll face additional challenges along the way.

 

 

 

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

1.     Communication and document management

Maintaining lines of communication between everyone on a construction project isn’t easy. And keeping an accessible, accurate repository of all project documents can be even more difficult. But the risks that come with poor communication and document management are too large to ignore

2.     Estimating

The complexity and importance of estimating costs, necessary resources, and timeline in construction can’t be stressed enough. Even a minor error in estimation can lead to a loss on a project given the tight margins in the construction industry. A significant margin of error when estimating the cost of a large-scale project, like constructing a power plant, could even lead to the project being shut down midway, with a huge amount of sunk costs.

 

3.     Siloed data

When data is decentralized and hard to access, miscommunication runs rampant and projects rarely go according to plan. Data silos can affect cost control, the project’s timeline, risk assessment, and more. If your contractor is waiting on information that’s already available or decides to push through without it, you’re going to either face delays or be forced to cross your fingers and hope for the best.

 

To break down data silos, adopt a data management solution that makes centralizing and integrating relevant information easy. The best tools connect all your systems and let your team quickly access data no matter where it lives.

 

4.     Lack of real-time data for risk assessment and change management

 

Sharing data across your team doesn’t matter if the information is out of date. Construction projects are, by their nature, works-in-progress, so you need real-time data to stay on top of new developments and address challenges as they arise. Again, the right software solution is the answer. The platform you choose should make diving into the data easy with up-to-date dashboards and reports while providing the tools you need to visualize workflows and see the impact of your decisions.

 

5.     Make Construction Project Management Easy

 

Construction project management keeps teams aligned and leads to success. But trying to apply all the project management practices covered above on your own will only lead to frustration. You need the right software to start realizing the benefits of effective project management as soon as possible.

 

 

 

3.    INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT

 

India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China. It accounts for about 15 per cent of the world’s production of vegetables. The area and production of horticultural produce. There are many other growing segments of food industry. The entrepreneurs shall study to sector thoroughly before investing in food industry. The size and outlay of the project depends upon the market size, type of technology and degree of automation. In the present model, a fruit and vegetable processing unit for manufacture of multiple products is considered. The entrepreneurs may decide upon the type of products based on raw material availability and also market demand in the project area.

Product chosen-PICKLE

Pickling is a process of preservation by fermentation. The fruits and vegetables are immersed in 5–10 per cent salt solution (brine) leading to lactic acid fermentation. Salt prevents growth of undesirable organisms and allow lactic acid bacteria to grow. The natural sugars present in fruits and vegetables are converted to lactic acid at 25°C.

 

process

 

STAGES OF FOOD INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT PROJECT

Storage and packing

The entire product range manufactured should follow the Weight and Measurement Act and packed accordingly in different standard keeping units (SKU).The product should be stored as per batch number allocated to particular product. The product has to be separately stored in storage area. One can follow either “First In First Out (FIFO)” or “First Expiry First Out (FEFO)” method in dispatch process

Marketing

Marketing of fruit and vegetable product is the biggest challenge. There are several popular brands in the market, which act as an entry barrier for new food products. Indian market is also flooded by imported products. Therefore, new comers need to give maximum importance to marketing of its products.

Domestic

Market Indians are fond of table enriches, which are regularly used along with main course of meals as well as snacks. Apart from individual households, restaurants, roadside eateries, clubs, hostels, caterers etc. are bulk consumers of fruit and vegetable products.

Export market

Apart from domestic market, there is good demand for processed products in export market. Nowadays Indian products are widely accepted throughout the world for commercial as well as household consumption. Currently, more than 50 countries import processed fruit and vegetable products from India.

Quality control and quality

Assurance the processed products should follow the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) act 2006. FSSAI Act is applicable pan India for all food products. It prescribes minimum standards operating procedures, food safety norms, packaging & labelling norms.

Project Cost

The major component of a small-scale fruit processing unit are land, building and civil works. A project cost of Rs.74.78 Lakh has been estimated. The details of project cost are given

Land and land development

For a small scale fruit and vegetable processing unit, a plot of land measuring 0.5 acre, with built-up area of 3850 sqft is considered sufficient. The land should be free from any encumbrance and shall be mortgage able. The land should be classified as non-agriculture. Permission for non-agriculture use, wherever applicable, shall be obtained for the land. The cost of land up to a maximum of 10 per cent of project cost can be reckoned towards margin if purchased by the promoters for the project.

Building and civil structures

The processing hall and other utilities would require construction of around 3850 sqft. of building at a total cost of Rs.23.10 Lakh. The construction cost is assumed as Rs. 600 per sqft. The building consists of 1000 square feet of processing hall, 1000 square feet of finished product storage area, 1000 square feet of raw material storage area, 500 square feet of washing area, 250 square feet of toilets, and 100 square feet of guard room. The remaining land is kept for future expansion of project.

Plant and machinery Miscellaneous fixed asset

The estimated cost of plant and machinery is Rs.40.23 lakh. All the plant and machinery should be erected in such 8 a way that the material flow is unidirectional to avoid cross contaminations. The machinery should not occupy more than 1/3rd of the total floor area for smooth operation of labour. Various plant and machinery proposed for this model are discussed in this section.

Miscellaneous fixed asset chart

Electrical and other items:

Various machines have to be connected to electrical motors of suitable power ratings for supplying power to them. Accordingly AC-3 phase motors of different power ratings, varying from 2.50 Hp to 7.50 Hp will be required for powering various unit operations of the unit. The total cumulative Hp ratings of all these motors will be 55 Hp. The costs of electrical motors have been included along with the cost of plant and machinery. 8.0

 Water Requirement

The total water requirement of such unit will be 1000 liters per day. Water is mostly required for washing and also in various unit operations during processing. Apart from it, water will also be required for domestic consumption purpose. The water should be clean and treated well for hardness before use. It is preferable to carry out water testing from a reputed testing laboratory before setting up a plant. Nowadays RO plants are installed to meet water requirement of food processing industry. 9.0